11 of 15 major river basins in India will experience water stress by 2025, with annual per capita renewable water availability below 1,700 cubic metres. Hence, it is essential to explore alternative sources of water to address the demand-supply gap. 

Constructed wetlands (CW) are emerging as affordable technologies for the treatment of wastewater in a decentralised framework. Constructed wetlands can be used to treat secondary or tertiary wastewater.

Wastewater could provide energy to 500 million people and more than 10 times the drinking water provided by the world's current