Why Kashmir's state animal Hangul is nearing extinction?

'The future of wildlife is in our hands was the theme for this year's World Wildlife Day marked by the United Nations every year. In Kashmir, the Dachigam National Park held a simple gathering where field staff pledged to protect the state animal, the Kashmir stag, popularly known as Hangul, which is nearing extinction.

Hangul, or Kashmir stag, inhabits Kashmir’s landscapes. This unique subspecies of the Asian red deer, scientifically known as Cervus hanglu hanglu, holds a special place in the region’s biodiversity. In 2017, the hangul was recognised as a distinct species after being considered a subspecies of the European red deer. Despite being the state animal of Jammu and Kashmir, only 289 hangul remain. Listed as Critically Endangered in IUCN’s Red Data Book and under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, hanguls are on the brink of extinction.

Is Hangul nearing extinction?

It may be noted that Hangul has been listed as 'critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The population of Hangul is restricted to Dachigam National Park in Srinagar. To commemorate the day, summer capital Srinagar also hosted a conference organised by an NGO, Wildlife Conservation Fund, headed by valley-based environmental lawyer Nadim Qadri.

The event was organised at Saif -ud-Din Memorial Conference Hall of S.P. College, Srinagar in Collaboration with ‘Earth Day Network and Sanctuary Asia’, India's first and only environmental news magazine.

However, Kashmir valley, which is more than a natural wonder, did not witness any major events by the wildlife department on the day.

Clarifying why no mass awareness events were organised in the valley to mark the day, tight-lipped officials at Jammu said that since all top officials were in Jammu, nothing could be planned.

“We were not informed nor do we have any official communication regarding holding any function on this day,” a top official of the Wildlife Protection Department wishing not to be named confided.

Referring to the government's attitude as sheer ignorance, former research officer and regional wildlife warden at the department M Shafi Bacha said that the government wasted a day that could have been used for creating awareness.

Project Hangul

Hangul placed under schedule-I in the Jammu and Kashmir Wildlife Protection Act, 1978 and in Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, is among the four easternmost distributed subspecies of red deer but presently, the population of Hangul is restricted to Dachigam National Park and adjoining protected areas.

Bacha said that last year he did a census of the Hangul population, in and outside the Dachigam National Park, and his findings revealed that there are 110-130 Hanguls inside while as many as 40-50 stags outside the park over the Himalayan mountain range.

Officials at the department claimed that they too have done the census of Hangul but quickly added that the ‘report is being scrutinised and will be made public soon’ without providing any clear details.

According to Bacha, in the 1940s, the population was between 3,000 and 5,000 but this number dropped down to 160 in the 2008 census.

As per the Department of Wildlife Protection, the critically endangered species population in the Kashmir Valley has increased slightly to 261, up from 237 in 2019. The trend began in 2015, when the Hangul population was 186, rising to 197 in 2017.

In its “Management Plan (2011 - 2016) Dachigam National Park” the department said the poaching by Gujjars, Bakarwals and other shepherds, who take their livestock to Upper Dachigam during summer, is the main cause for the decline in the population of the state animal.

Declining Hangul population

The plan added that the problem of declining Hangul population is compounded by the ‘large scale biotic interference due to grazing by the State Animal Husbandry Department owned cattle that use Dagwan in Upper Dachigam as a grazing ground.’

The master plan reads that in the vast areas of Nageberan and Marser, thousands of sheep, goats, horses and cattle are grazed by local graziers, Gujjars from Kashmir as well as Bakarwals and Banyaris from Jammu that creates a 'natural competition for food resources' for Hangul population.

“The Dachigam Hangul population decreased from 3,000 in the 1940s to 200 by 1969 while the number of sheep introduced in Dachigam NP in 1961 by the State Animal Husbandry Department increased from 20 to 3,000 during the same period.

The sheep spend the summer in Upper Dachigam and winter in Lower Dachigam. High livestock densities may out-compete native Trans-Himalayan wild ungulates. Empirical studies in the adjoining areas of Spiti, Himachal Pradesh have established that the Bharal gets out-competed by livestock. The Deer and sheep have similar preferences in grazing and are hence competitive,” reads the Master plan.

Master plan

The master plan, in possession of iamon, further reads that in the vast areas of Nageberan and Marser, thousands of sheep, goat, horses, and cattle are grazed by local graziers, Gujjars from Kashmir as well as Bakarwals and Banyaris from Jammu that creates a ‘natural competition for food resources’ for Hangul population.

The sheep spend the summer in Upper Dachigam and winter in Lower Dachigam. High livestock densities may out-compete native Trans-Himalayan wild ungulates. Empirical studies in the adjoining areas of Spiti, Himachal Pradesh have established that the Bharal gets outcompeted by livestock. The Deer and sheep have similar preferences in grazing and are hence competitive,” reads the Master plan.

According to Master Plan, the decline in the number of hangul has been associated with poaching, increase in predator numbers, grazing of domestic livestock in summer grounds, and zoonotic diseases.

Support us to keep independent environmental journalism alive in India.

Keep Reading

The costliest water from Narmada is putting a financial burden on Indore 

Indore’s Ramsar site Sirpur has an STP constructed almost on the lake 

Indore Reviving Historic Lakes to Combat Water Crisis, Hurdles Remain

Indore’s residential society saves Rs 5 lakh a month, through rainwater harvesting

Follow Ground Report on X, Instagram and Facebook for environmental and underreported stories from the margins. Give us feedback on our email id [email protected]. 

Don't forget to Subscribe to our weekly newsletter, Join our community on WhatsApp, and Follow our YouTube Channel for video stories.