Immune systems can weakened by space travel, what causes it?

Space travel presents numerous challenges, including the surprising impact it has on astronauts' immune systems. Recent research suggests that space travel weakens the immune system, increasing the risk of infections and other health problems. The study sheds light on the changes that occur in the immune system during space travel and emphasizes the importance of understanding these effects for future long-duration missions.

Led by Dr. Odette Laneuville of the University of Ottawa, the study examined gene expression in the white blood cells of 14 astronauts who spent 4.5 to 6.5 months aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Blood samples were collected at various points before, during and after their space mission. The researchers identified significant changes in gene expression, particularly in genes related to immunity and cellular functions.

Impact on the immune system

The study revealed that gene expression related to immune functions decreases in space and rebounds back to Earth. This weakened immune system presents risks for astronauts, as they have limited access to medical care and medication while in space. It also raises concerns about astronauts' ability to perform their demanding missions effectively.

Although most genes return to their pre-flight levels within a year of returning to Earth, astronauts may still face increased risk of infections for at least a month. Factors that influence the duration of immune recovery include age, sex, genetic differences, and previous exposure to pathogens.

Possible causes

The researchers believe the changes in gene expression are related to a phenomenon known as "fluid shift," in which blood plasma redistributes from the lower to the upper body in microgravity. This fluid change affects the lymphatic system and can lead to altered gene expression and weakened immunity.

Understanding the changes in the immune system during space travel is crucial to safeguarding astronauts' health during missions, especially long-duration flights. The findings of this study pave the way for developing countermeasures to prevent immune suppression in space. More research is needed to determine the precise timeline and factors that influence immune recovery after returning to Earth.

Health risks of space travel

In addition to the impact on the immune system, space travel presents a multitude of health risks. The effects of microgravity can lead to various physiological changes, including muscle atrophy, loss of bone density, cardiovascular impairment, and fluid changes in the body. Astronauts are also exposed to higher levels of radiation, which increases the risk of cancer and other diseases.

The confined and isolated environment of space missions can contribute to psychological stress, including anxiety and depression. Sleep patterns can be disrupted due to different light and dark cycles and the demanding nature of space travel. Some astronauts experience visual impairments related to fluid changes, and the closed spacecraft environment can increase exposure to infectious organisms.

Space agencies like NASA are actively working to mitigate these health risks through exercise programs, nutritional strategies, psychological support, and medications. Ongoing research aims to improve the safety and well-being of astronauts during space missions.

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